HISTORY OF Integrated-Circuit (1959)

Invention Of Integrated-Circuit

Robert Noyce invented the first monolithic Integrated-Circuit chip at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959.

In 1958, fifteen-years-old Bobby Fisher became the youngest Grandmaster in chess history. Few onlookers would have believed that, one day, a machine would be capable of beating him.

After the invention of the transistor and electronic equipment became ever more complex. To make the circuits, thousands of different sized components had included together. They were filling into less and less space. This was time-consuming, expensive, and unreliable. The Micro-Module program undertaken by the U.S. Army’s Signal Corps made pre-wired building block components of a standardized size that could be snapped together. This still did not solve the basic problem.

In 1958, When Jack Kibly joined them Texas Instruments were working with the Micro-Module project . Before long he saw a better solution. As passive components such as capacitors and resistors could be made from the same semiconductor material as active devices. Such as transistors, it should be possible to manufacture them in one process from a single block, or “monolith” of that material, thereby creating a complete or integrated circuit (IC). His germanium-based prototype-comprising a transistor, capacitor, and three resistors, connected by fine gold wire-was the world’s first Integrated Circuit. A patent granted in February 1959. Meanwhile, Robert Noyce, of Fairchild Semiconductors, was working on a unitary circuit, and his ideas regarding depositing the component connections directly during manufacture were key to the IC’s development. Ultimately, the IC would lead to the first personal computer.

A close-up from 1984 showing the integrated circuits and the ribbon connector wiring of a circuit board.

DEVELOPMENT

Although Kilby’s IC was revolutionary, it was not without problems. One of the most troubling was that his IC or chip was fashioned out of germanium. About six months after Kilby’s IC was first patented, Robert Noyce, who worked at Fairchild Semiconductor recognized the limitations of germanium and creating his own chip fashioned from silicon.

DIFFERENT TYPES

Digital Integrated-Circuit: – The integrated circuits, that operate only at a few defined levels, instead of operating over all levels of signal amplitude are called as Digital ICs.
Analog Integrated-Circuit: – Analog ICs are the integrated circuits that operate over a continuous range of signal.
Mixed Integrated-Circuit:-Mixed ICs are the integrated circuits, that obtained by the combination of analog and digital ICs on a single chip.
Logic Circuits:- These ICs, designed using logic gates-that work with binary input and output (0 or 1). These mostly used as decision makers.
Comparators: – The comparator ICs, used as comparators for comparing the inputs and then to produce an output based on the ICs’ comparison.
Switching Integrated-Circuits: – Switches or Switching ICs, designed by the transistors and used for performing the switching operations.
Audio Amplifiers: – The audio amplifiers are one of the many types of ICs, which used for the amplification of the audio. generally use in Audio Speaker and Television Circuits.
Operational Amplifiers: – The are frequently used ICs, similar to the audio amplifiers which are used for the audio amplification.
Timer Integrated-Circuit: – Timer: special purpose integrated circuits that used for the purpose of counting and to keep a track of time in intended applications.